Charles Darwin

• supernatural design supported by natural history and natural philosophy
• Newton's clock metaphor - God less a Being, more an Architect
• Linnaeus Species Plantarum 1753 - "great chain of being" - a link for each species
• Erasmus Darwin Zoonomia 1796 - speculation on origins and purpose

II. The Revolution.

A. Influences:

1. Jean Lamarck Natural History of Animals with Vertebrae 1822
   • law of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (e.g., giraffe's neck)
2. Thomas Malthus An Essay on the Principle of Population ... 6th ed., 1826
   • not progress, but struggle for resources
3. Charles Lyell Principles of Geology 1830 ("he completely wrecked the Garden of Eden")
   • uniformitarian rather than catastrophist
4. Robert Chambers Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 1844
   • fossil record showed sudden changes - "special creations"
5. Hermann von Helmholtz On the Conservation of Force 1847
   • based on experiments of Carnot, Joule; Kelvin in 1851concluded sun was cooling
6. Rudolf Virchow Cellular Pathology 1858
   • all cells derive from previous cells, not "spontaneous generation"
7. A. R. Wallace paper on evolution 1858 causes Darwin to write book

B. Charles Darwin:

• 1831-36 voyage of HMS Beagle with Capt. Robert FitzRoy
• 1839 Journal of Researches
• 1842-1882 lived at Down House in Kent
• 1845 published Voyage of the Beagle (online text of the book)
• 1859 published The Origin of Species (online text of the book)
  • transmutation (evolution in 3rd ed.) of species
  • natural selection
  • struggle for life
  • divergence and coexistence
• 1871 published The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
  • first part: sexual selection as well as adaption
  • second part: man and animals have common origin - difference in degree, not kind
• 1872 published The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
  • man not the purpose of creation but part of it
  • ntellect and emotions part of nature also
  • animals are capable of emotions, reason, learning
  • sociability just as important as struggle

III. After Darwin.

A. Sudden Impact:

• Asa Gray, Thomas Huxley lead the defense
• Richard Owen, Bishop Wilberforce lead the attack
  • "is it through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claims descent from a monkey?"
• "warfare" metaphor - 1864 Quanta Cura against "errors" - John Draper, Andrew White

B. Rise of the Experimental Sciences:

• at Harvard, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Chicago

1. anthropology
   • Edward Tyler, Lewis Henry Morgan, Franz Boas
2. paleontology
   • O. C. Marsh finds toothed archaeopteryx 1876
3. sociology
   • Albion Small, Lester Ward
4. psychology
   • G. Stanley Hall, Lewis Terman

C. Social Darwinism

1. Herbert Spencer - analogies
   • laissez faire individualism
2. William Graham Sumner
   • man has no natural rights; opposed reform

D. Marxism

1. Karl Marx Das Kapital 1867 - a materialistic history

E. Pragmatism

1. William James
   • Principles of Psychology 1890 - "stream of consciousness"
   • Varieties of Religious Experience 1902 - not theology but feelings

F. Eugenics

1. Francis Galton's famous families 1869 - "nature and nurture"
   • Europe sapped by repressive church and government
2. Richard Dugdale's Jukes and Henry Goddard's Kallikaks
3. Charles Davenport 1904

Links:

• archaeopteryx