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Chicago World Fair 1893
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Ferdinand Putnam & Daniel Burnham
- 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition - popularized darwinism, racism, imperialism
- Harvard's Anthropology Building - Putnam's "ideal" humans
- Midway - African villages farthest from White City
- Dahomey Village, belly dancers, "child-like" Samoans
- word "equality" not in Socialist Baptist minister Francis Bellamy's Pledge of Allegiance
- "World's Columbian Exposition: Idea, Experience, Aftermath" masters thesis from Julie Rose
- Cream of Wheat, Aunt Jemima syrup, Juicy Fruit gum
- Ferris Wheel
- influenced Coney Island and the centralized amusement complex of the 20th century
- influenced L. Frank Baum's Emerald City in his populist novel Wizard of Oz published in 1900
- U.S. must expand because of the law of evolution
Francis A. Walker
- 1891 birth rate theory - native stock declining
- New Immigration from S. & E. Europe - 21 million
- 1891 Ellis Island - to separate, classify by federal standards
- Ellis Island from the i-channel
- Ellis Island and immigration photos from California Museum of Photography
- U. S. Bureau of Immigration established 1906
- U.S. must expand to stop the melting pot
Henry Cabot Lodge
- 1907 Immigration Commission - 42-volume report
- used "science" of C. Davenport, William Z. Ripley
- Charles Davenport's Eugenics Record Office
- to measure racial characteristics - cephalic index
- William Z. Ripley's Races of Europe - 3 head shapes
- Teutonic, Alpine, Mediterranean
- intermixing would produce "reversion"
- Lodge sought scientific evidence for restriction
- literacy test added 1917: aliens over 16 to read "not less than 30 nor more than 80 words in ordinary use" in any language
- Quota Act of 1924 - maximum quota for each nationality to be 164,447 (half of 1921 quota 357,803) or 2% of 1890 census (not 1921 law 3% of 1910 census); exceptions were Canada and Latin America, ministers, professors, college students; all immigration stopped for Japanese as "aliens ineligible to citizenship."
