Judge cartoon 1910: "If immigration was properly restricted you would no longer be troubled with anarchy, socialism, the Mafia, and such kindred evils."
to measure racial characteristics - cephalic index
William Z. Ripley's Races of Europe - 3 head shapes
Teutonic, Alpine, Mediterranean
intermixing would produce "reversion"
Lodge sought scientific evidence for restriction
literacy test added 1917: aliens over 16 to read "not less than 30 nor more than 80 words in ordinary use" in any language
Quota Act of 1924 - maximum quota for each nationality to be 164,447 (half of 1921 quota 357,803) or 2% of 1890 census (not 1921 law 3% of 1910 census); exceptions were Canada and Latin America, ministers, professors, college students; all immigration stopped for Japanese as "aliens ineligible to citizenship."
