IX. Impact of War

1. Mobilization
   
   • Gideon Welles and Navy
   • Herman Haupt and USMRR Feb. 1862
     
   • James Ripley - Ordinance Dept. - Springfield rifled musket
     
   • Adm. John Dahlgren and Washington Naval Yard 1863
   • Montgomery Meigs - Quartermaster Corps for 1000 regiments 1862
     
     • spent $1.5 billion - Col. Oliver Payne later for Rockefeller
       
     • self-contained soldier - wool uniform, shoes, tent
       
     • bought horses - 26 lbs food per day
       
     • Medical Bureau, Union Labs, ambulances
       
   • Montgomery Blair and 20,500 post offices by 1865

2. Economy
   
   • Homestead, Morrill, Pacific Railroad Acts
     
   • National Bank, Internal Revenue Acts
     
   • Gordon McKay made 2.5 million shoes for army
     
   • Philip Armour - Chicago meatpacker 1863
     
   • Marshall Field, A.T. Stewart dept. stores
     
   • Gail Borden and evaporated milk
     
   • Eberhard Faber - NY pencil factory 1861
     
   • Onandoga Salt Co. in NY - high tariff, then doubled price
     
   • Jay Cooke - created savings bond
     

3. Labor
   
   • war was stimulus to labor union movemnet
     
   • Workingwomen's Protective Union
     
   • William Sylvis and National Iron Molders (to form NLU 1866)
     
   • increase in child labor -22% of PA textile workers
     

4. South
   
   • no political parties - William Holden of NC
     
   • Jeff Davis opposed by Toombs, Stephens, Brown
     
   • division grows in 1863 elections
     
   • 20 Negro exemption, Impressment Act
     
   • shortages, inflation, speculators
     

5. Women
   
   • nurses, teachers, factory labor, clerks
     
   • Clara Barton - before nursing, she had been Patent Office clerk
   • Mary Walker - Union army surgeon
     
   • Dorothea Dix - superintendent of female nurses
     
   • Mary Ann Bickerdyke - nurse to Sherman's army
     
   • Kate Cumming - CSA nurse at Corinth
     
   • Phoebe Yates Levy Pember - CSA nurse at Richmond's Chimborazo hospital
   • Civil War Women - Primary Sources on the Internet
   • Rose Greenhow - CSA spy
   • Pharaoh's Army film is about Sarah Anders in 1862 Kentucky and her relationship with Union Capt. Abson sent to forage for supplies.

6. Medicine
   
   • Surgeon General William Hammond - 4
     
   • U.S. Sanitary Commission
     
   • voluntary associations - YMCA, Christian Commission
     
   • 19th century medicine
   • excerpt from "A Vast Sea of Misery: A History and Guide to the Union and Confederate Field Hospitals at Gettysburg July 1-November 20, 1863,"

7. Freedmen
   
   • Emancipation Proclamation exhibit from National Archives
   • Army created first policies - Banks, Butler, Saxton, Eaton
     
   • land reform was alternative to paternalism - Davis Bend, Port Royal
     
   • Lincoln opposed permanent confiscation as bill of attainder
     
   • education "more successful" than land reform - 1000 teachers
     
   • American Missionary Society
     
   • Scartoons:Racial Satire and the Civil War

8. Colored Troops
   
   • Ben Butler's LA. Native Guards Sept. 27, 1862
     
   • Jim Lane's !st Kansas Colored Volunteers Jan. 13, 1863
     
   • 1st SC Colored Volunteers Jan.31, 1863 (from David Hunter's troops)
     
   • Bureau of Colored Troops May 22, 1863
     
   • Robert Smalls - Naval Captain
     
   • emancipation confirmed at Port Hudson, Fort Wagner
     

9. Reconstruction
   
   • Radicals vs. moderates - Louisiana "showcase"
     
   • Lincoln's Proc. of Amnesty and Reconstruction Dec. 8, 1863
     
   • 13th Amendment failed 1864
     
   • Wade-Davis Bill July 2, 1864 - 50% took "iron-clad oath"; only whites to vote
     

10. Peace Movement
    
    • Northern Copperhead - Clement Vallandingham
      
    • William Holden in Raleigh, NC
      

11. Inner Civil War
    
    • class conflict, guerilla bands, racism
      
    • Partisan Ranger Act passsed by CSA Congress June 28, 1862
    • confirmed General Order #17 of CSA Gen. Thomas Hindman to enroll guerilla bands such as William Quantrill and Bill Anderson
    • New York Draft Riot - July 13-17, 1863
      
    • Unionist Cherokee v. Stand Watie's Confederates in West
      

Links:

• The Civil War film by Ken Burns
• Pharaoh's Army from PBS