• Henry Grady of Atlanta Constitution
  
• James Duke uses Bonsack machine to f. ATC 1880s
  

• nostalgic, not progressive - Delta Queen's "pageantry & glory of Old Dixie" - Stone Mt., GA; Alexandria, VA, statue with names of 97 dead white Confederate soldiers (photo at right from May 1996) - see image of 1988 newspaper article and image of van collision with statue)

• plantation cotton - sharecropping replaced slavery
  
• crop lien system - "one vast pawn shop"
• by 1920, 95% were rural, 2/3 were tenants
• images at right from National Archives, Farm Security Administration, 1936

• to maintain "supremacy of the white race" (Grady)
  
• Kansas exodusters, Buffalo soldiers, AME's Bishop Henry Turner and return to Africa
  
• state citizenship upheld in 1873 Slaughterhouse case
  
• disenfranchisement by poll tax & literacy qualif. ("Miss. Plan") property & residence qualif. (SC) & grandfather clause (LA)
  
• "separate but equal" schools (1896 Plessy case)
  
• "jim crow" laws for residence, transportation, entertainment
  
• LA White Leagues, SC Red Shirts, KKK, lynching
  
• T. Dixon novel The Clansman; D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation
  

• Atlanta, Fisk, Howard, Hampton, Morehouse colleges 1865-68
  
• Booker T. Washington f. Tuskegee 1881
  
• Thomas Fortune f. Afro-American League 1890
  
• Ida Wells f. anti-lynching campaign 1892
  
• W.E.B. DuBois - 1st black PhD, Harvard 1895; wrote "beauty is black" in 1903 Souls of Black Folks, NAACP 1910, Crisis editor
  

• myth of "solid south" - many factions in Dem. party
  
• James K. Vardaman, C.W. Macune, Tom Watson
  
• populist fusion legislature elected 1894 in NC - blacks voted
  

• poverty, not abundance; defeat, not success, guilt not innocence
  
• a realistic experience more similar to world history
  
• William Faulkner's Joe Christmas in Light in August
  
• not free individuals but families, towns, plantations
  

Links:

• Tobacco Timeline from Tobacco BBS