• "quasi-aristocracy" - conservative, trade, pro-Brit.

• Brit. vs. Russia; rise of Ger. and Japan
• 3000 missionaries from U.S.
• American China Development Co. - Morgan

• Japan takes Korea, Formosa
• wants Manchuria & Amur

• Ger. gets Shantung peninsula, Tsingtao
  • 99-year lease, right to build railroad
• Russia gets Liaotung peninsula, Port Arthur
• Japan gets Fukien province
  • U.S. loses Samsah Bay

• Ger. threats in Africa, Russ. in India, France in Egypt
• wanted to keep 65% China total trade
• Chamberlain memo to Hay, but rejected

• W. Rockhill as Hay's Far East adviser
  • the first "China Hand"
• A. Hippisley, Cornell's J. Schurman
• Rockhill draft of Aug. 29, 1899

• circular sent to Great Powers
• equal ports, tariff, harbor and railroad fees
• each has equal trade rights "within its sphere"
• narrow purpose - trade only, not territory
• Hay proclaims "final and definitive" Mar. 20, 1900

• John Guy's Role of the U.S. Marines
• Yao rebels burn railroad May 28, 1900
• foreign legations in Peking cut off
• Great Powers send Asiatic squadrons
• Capt. McCalla sends 48 marines
  • May 29 from USS Newark
• Great Powers create Relief force
• Seymour expedition from Tientsin
  • 112 marines; guide Herbert Hoover
  • repair railroad, but forced to turn back
• Waller expedition from Philippines to Taku
  • 1000 marines, 2200 Brit; 2300 others
  • fight 50,000 Boxers in Tientsin
• Peking siege - Capt. Meyers defends 2500 Americans
• 231 missionaries killed by July 24
• Chaffee expedition adds 1500 Army troops
• Relief force of 18,600 to Peking Aug. 13
• artillery opens wall, Forbidden City
• Aug. 28 victory parade
• all U.S. troops leave by Oct. 10
• but Russia seizes Manchuria with 50,000

• guarantee of China territorial integrity
• but allowed spheres of influence, bases

• Togo's surprise attack on Port Arthur Feb. 8
• also sank all 32 ships of Baltic fleet May 27
• Japan asked Roosevelt to mediate

• Witte, Rosen, Komura, Takahira
• Open Door for Manchuria
• Japan given Korea, S. Sakhalin, Liaotung
• Russia kept N. Manchuria, N. Sakhalin

• Philippines were "our heels of Achilles"
• Taft-Katsura Agreement 1905
  • Philippines in U.S. sphere
  • S. Manchuria in Japan sphere
• Germany was the greater threat
  • all battleships to Atlantic 1906
• Algeciras conference over Morocco 1906

• created Far Eastern Affairs Division 1908
• reorganized foreign service - merit exams
• Root-Takahira 1908 - status quo

• from Cornell; becomes a "China Hand" 1906
• pro-Manchu China; anti-Japan
• pro-business; anti-colonial
• imperialism of influence, power, business
• to help E.H. Harriman build China Railroad
• 1907 memo to Root proposed new policy
  • unilateral with China
  • help Tang Shao-yi start Manchuria Bank
• 1908 Root-Takahira was "terrible blunder"

Consortium idea

• to build Yangtze Railroad, banks in China
• Hukuang loan to China1909 by Brit-Fr-Ger
• May 24 cable to China seeks U.S. particip.
• but opposed by Japan, Russia

• dollar diplomacy in Asia begins
• China Revolution 1911
• Japan, Russia hold balance of power
• Open Door policy fails