• New Panama Canal Co. after de Lesseps

William Cromwell hired 1896 to sell Co.

• opposed Morgan bill for Nicaragua canal
• used bribery to get Panama plank in 1900 Repub.
• Mark Hanna's "Hanama Canal"

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901

• Brit. gives U.S. right to build & fortify Nic. canal

TR replaces McKinley Sept. 1901

• supports Panama for $40m, not Nic. for $190m

Spooner Bill debate Jan.-June 1902

• Mount Pelee volcano on Martinique kills 30,000
• 90 stamps of Nic.'s Momotombo volcano

Hay-Herran agreement Jan. 21, 1903

• $10m to Columbia for 99-yr, lease on 6 mi. zone
• but Columbia refuses; waits for 1904 expiration

Panama revolution against Columbias since 1899

• long history of nationalism, destiny

John Bassett Moore memo Aug. 1903 pro-Panama

• New Grananda Treaty 1848 gave right free transit
• Asst. Secretary Francis Loomis idea

Amador joins Bunau Varilla to get U.S. aid Sept. 1903

• "All you have to do is take your foot off"
• John Hay sends USS Nashville

Panama revolution successful Nov. 3, 1903

• U.S. troops block railroad use by Colombia

TR recognition granted Nov. 6

Treaty drafted & signed Nov. 15-18

• Text of the 1903 Treaty
• ratified by Congress Nov. 18, 1904

• ICC under William H. Taft
• engineers under George Goethals
• medical teams under William Gorgas
• Culebra Cut, Miraflores Locks
• dam built to create Gatun Lake
• Jamaican labor, Panama pilots

• "gold" payroll 3 times "silver" labor
• military bases - Rio Hato, Howard
• United Fruit, National City Bank
• trained police, National Guard

Resources:

• Panama Canal map and photos from the Panama Canal Commission page
• Panama Deception (1992) is a documentary film about the Reagan-Bush invasion of Panama in 1989 to overthrow Manuel Noriega
  
• photo of "The 108 foot beam USS New Jersey in the 110 foot width Panama Canal"from the Photo Gallery of theBattleship Page from the Iowa Class Preservation Association