South America - pictures -->

Problems

1. world depression 1929-41
2. declining trade and European competition
3. revolutionary nationalism in Latin America
4. German threat to hemisphere security

Components of the new policy

1. non-intervention
2. anti-revolution
3. mutual defense
4. promote trade
5. development

Examples

• Machado, declining sugar price cause revolt 1933
• Sumner Welles sent by FDR
• Cespedes overthrown by nationalistic revolution
• Ramon Grau San Martin, Batista
• nonrecognition, no sugar purchase agreement
• Welles and navy support Mendieta
• Platt amendment ended; no nationalization
• 1934 Jones-Costigan Act
• result: stability but also dependency and dictatorship

• Hull and Welles visit delegations first
• Hull signs Argentine anti-war pact
• Hull endorses Calvo Doctrine - absolute immunity
• Hull proposes 4-point economic plan

• Peace of Tipitapa. in 1927
• Pres. Sacasa vs. Gen. Somoza vs. Sandino
• Welles overrules Arthur Lane
• Sandino betrayed; Somoza unpunished

• troops withdrawn; National Guard trained

• 1931 revolt; "responsible' Arias elected president
• Arias to U.S.; FDR to Panama on USS Houston 1934
• Welles negotiates new treaty 1936
• War Department, Borah, Johnson delay it until 1939

• Article 27 of 1917 Constitution
• Dwight Morrow affirms pre-1917 ownership in 1928
• Cardenas nationalizes oil 1938
• U.S. companies seek access, not compensation
• Mexico shifts exports to Germany, ltaly, Japan
• U.S. stops loans; Mexico rejects 50-year deal
• Cooke-Zevada accord in 1941 for *40 million
• Ickes vs. companies and State Department
• refinery delayed; no 1944 loan

• 1934 ExIm Bank; Brazil
• 1934 Silver Purchase Act; Peru, Mexico
• 1934 Reciprocal Trade Act; 22 treaties

• Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller 1908-79
• grew up at Kykuit house in Pocantico Hills, NY
• brothers: JDR 3rd, Laurence, Winthrop, David
• 1930 married Mary Todd - world honeymoon
• 1932 Rodney born; trustee of MOMA
• 1935 Creole Petroleum - takes Spanish lessons
• Bolivia seizes Standard Oil Co. property in 1937
• Cardenas nationalizes oil in Mexico March 18, 1938
• fears communism, Germans
• Creole's reforms in Venezuela - Berlitz teachers
• 1940 Venezuela Basic Economy Co.
• June 1940 "Group" proposes new policy
• Joe Rovensky of Chase Bank; Beardsley Ruml
• June 14 memo to Hopkins - U.S. must act immediately
• July 1940 - Rocky becomes coordinator of OIAA
• 1940 Rovensky Plan - Brit turn over holdings
• Juan-Trippe and Pan Am since 1927 - Flying Boats
• Info Div. - radio, films, En Guardia magazine
• sponsored Doug Fairbanks visit to Vargas
• but Argentina pro-German under Juan Peron 1943
• Pan-Amer. ideal of unity helped by war

• 1938 Kingston speech in Canada - defend Canadian soil
• 1938 Declaration of Lima - common action
• 1939 Declaration of Panama - safety belt
• 1940 Act of Havana - joint administration of colonies
• 1945 Act of Chapultepec - regional alliance

Links:

• Great Buildings Collection including Rockefeller Center
• Cradle Will Rock film
• Radio City Music Hall restored