1. Gradualism

Wheatley

Africa 2001 - bg

• became symbol of black genius and achievement
  

1775 - Pennsylvania Society (Quakers; B. Franklin)
1777 - Vermont 1st northern state to abolish slavery

• PA 1780, MA 1783, CT & RI 1784, NY 1785, NJ 1786

• slave rebellion in Santo Domingo by Toussaint L'Ouverture until 1802
  

1808 - slave trade abolished
1815 - Paul Cuffe - wealthy black New Bedford shipper

• took blacks to Sierra Leone, but $100 cost each too high
  

• Virgina asked federal government to acquire land in Africa to relocate free blacks unwanted in Virgina
• Bushrod Washington, Henry Clay, President James Monroe (but not JQ Adams)
  
• funds from donors, U.S. Congress, VA and MD state legislatures
  
• opposed by free blacks such as Theodore Wright, Samuel Cornish
  

1821 - Quaker Benj. Lundy's "Genius of Universal Emancipation"

• colonization, self-improvement projects, compensation
• need to educate and train
  

1822 - Liberia purchased - became independent republic 1846

• 2228 sent by 1832, 12,000 by 1860
  

1823 - British Anti-Slavery Society
1825 - Charles Finney's Great Revival

• converted Theodore Weld, NY silk merchants Lewis and Arthur Tappan
  

1827 - Samuel Cornish starts"Freedom's Journal"

• 1st black periodical
  

1829 - David Walker writes "Appeal" - was self-taught black

• advocated violence - "kill or be killed"
  
• made South defensive -2 states prohibit "incendiary" literature
  

1829 - Mexico ends slavery
1830 - National Negro Convention movement

• need for racial unity by black abolitionists
  
• opposed ACS, gradualism - example of black militancy
  

2. Immediatism

Nat Turner rebellion

1831 - Nat Turner rebellion Aug. 13-23 killed 57 whites in Virginia

• most violent revolt since Denmark Vesey plot discovered 1822 and 37 slaves executed

• successful after British women boycotted W. Indies sugar
• 8 year apprenticeship; £20m. compensation
  
• free blacks celebrate Jamaica's August 1, 1834 (not July 4)
  
• British immediatists influence Americans

1831 - William L. Garrison breaks from Lundy and starts "Liberator"

• "I will be heard" - opposed colonization - was jailed for libel when accused Mass. shipowners of illegal slave trade
  
• emphasized moral suasion rather than coercion, social reform rather than politics, individual responsibility of the Second Great Awakening
• boycotts, ride-ins, speak-ins, schools, churches

1832 - Garrison starts New England Anti-Slavery Society
1833 - American Anti-Slavery Society founded by immediatists

• Garrison, Tappans, Weld, Stanton - sent agents (the "70" from Lane)
  
• 250,000 members in 1350 societies by 1838
  
• published "Emancipator" in New York (NY-Ohio axis)
  
• published "American Slavery As It Is" 1839 - 100,000 copies sold per year, more than any other pamphlet, factual from slaveowners themselves and from southern newspapers
  

1833 - Lane Seminary and Oberlin Institute in Ohio

• admitted blacks, women; funded by Tappans
  

1833 - Thomas Morris elected Ohio senator - Democrat

• 1st anti-slavery senator
  

Angelina Grimke

1833 - James Birney moves from Alabama to Kentucky

• published tracts, but press destroyed 1836
  

1833 - Prudence Crandall school case in Canterbury, CT.

• town passed law preventing black out-of-state students - lost trial
  
• moved to Illinois 1834 with abol. husband Rev. Calvin Philleo
  
• showed inadequacy of moral suasion, need for laws, political action
  

1833 - Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society - Lucretia Mott

• Sarah and Angelina Grimke - 1st female agents
• to NY 1836 and began parlor talks, to Mass. 1837 and spoke in public to "promiscuous audiences (men and women)
• trained by Theodore Weld who married Angelina 1838, renounced legal rights of husband over wife's property

1835 - Gerrit Smith organized NYAS at Peterboro after mob broke up Utica meeting
1835 - Senate passes mail censorship law to stop AASS
1835 - SC, LA re-enact Negro Seaman's Law

• all blacks imprisoned until ship sailed
  
• MI requires $100 bond from free blacks
  

1836 - Congress ends right of petition over opp. of John Q. Adams

• Adams joined by Joshua Giddings, Whig from Ohio, in House of Rep.
  

1837 - Elijah Lovejoy murdered in Alton, Illinois - 1st martyr

1837 - Pastoral Letter closes churches to Grimke sisters because they spoke in public

• Sarah in 1838 wrote her "Letters..." that said the clergy had misinterpreted the Bible: "men and women were created equal."

• Abby Kelley, MA Quaker, also against child punishment
  

Cinque addressing slaves

3. Direct Action

1838 - Lucretia Mott's Free Produce Society
1839 - Amistad case - revolt led by Cinque on slave ship from Havana - seized by U.S. - CT judge Andrew Judson set all free
1840 - schism between Garrison and gradualists

• Garrison admits women, attacks Constitution, rejects all coercion
  

1840 - Liberty Party wins 7069 votes for James Birney

• would get 62,300 votes in 1844
  

1840 - World Anti-Slavery Convention in London
1841 - Fred. Douglass hired by Garrison as lecturer

• 1st fugitive-slave speaker in U.S.
  
• had fled Lloyd plantation on MD Eastern Shore in 1838
  
• "I kept my eye on the bright north star and thought of liberty"
  

1841 - Creole revolt on slave ship from Virginia to New Orleans
1842 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty tightened enforcement of the Atlantic slave trade ban

1842 - Rev. Charles Torrey, "father of the Underground Railroad" imprisoned in Maryland and dies
1842 - Prigg v. PA case overturns 1793 law

• states no longer must aid return of fugitives
  
• causes state personal liberty laws (until Abelman v. Booth 1859)
  

Reward offered for runaways

1843 - railroads integrate after "ride-ins"
1844 - Congress restores right of petition
1845 - Fred. Douglass published his "Narrative"- accurate, factual
1845 - Cassius Clay published True American in Kentucky
1846 - Gerrit Smith's land grants in New York
1846 - American Missionary Association founded by Tappans
1847 - Douglass published "North Star" paper in Rochester

• integrates Rochester schools
  

• writes essay "On Civil Disobedience"
  

• John Hale would get 155,825 in 1852
  

1848 - Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights

• Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions based on Dec. of Indep.
  
• signed by F. Douglass: "Right is of no sex, truth is of no colour."

1850 - Fugitive Slave Law

John Brown

1851 - Gerrit Smith's Radical Abolition Party to replace Liberty Party
1852 - Fred. Douglass refused dining room service in Alliance, OH hotel on way to Free Soil convention - began boycott
1854 - Anthony Burns removed from Boston by force
1855 - Boston schools desegregated by Charles Sumner and black layer Robert Morris

4. Violence

1856 - John Brown's Pottawatomie, KA massacre
1859 - John Brown's Harpers Ferry raid supported by "Secret Six"

Firebells

Links:

• Amistad and Creole and Slave Trade and Santa Fe Trail
• Reform Persuasions
• Yahoo index for slavery and abolitionism
• The African-American Mosaic and African-American History and Culture on-line exhibit from Library of Congress
• Underground Railroad from National Park Service
• Underground Railroad from National Geographic
• Gerrit Smith Virtual Museum
• Prudence Crandall from EB
• David Walker
  
• Sites related to John Brown & abolitionism
• Living the Legacy: The Women's Rights Movement 1848-1998
• Exploring Amistad from Mystic Seaport, and H-NET film review
• Writings on Slavery from Miss. State
• Maps: U.S. 1850 - South 1850 - East 1860 - SE 1860
• Univ. of Oregan maps