1893 Significance of the Frontier in American History
frontier was cause of democracy, progress, character
not "germ" theory of Herbert Baxter Adams
1890 census, depression, Haymarket, Homestead
new expansion must replace the old closed frontier
1896 essay "The Problem of the West" - "It is one of the profoundest lessons that history has to teach, that political relations are inextricably connected with economic relations" - informal empire not enough
to measure racial characteristics - cephalic index
William Z. Ripley's Races of Europe - 3 head shapes
Teutonic, Alpine, Mediterranean
intermixing would produce "reversion"
Lodge sought scientific evidence for restriction
literacy test added 1917: aliens over 16 to read "not less than 30 nor more than 80 words in ordinary use" in any language
Quota Act of 1924 - maximum quota for each nationality to be 164,447 (half of 1921 quota 357,803) or 2% of 1890 census (not 1921 law 3% of 1910 census); exceptions were Canada and Latin America, ministers, professors, college students; all immigration stopped for Japanese as "aliens ineligible to citizenship."
