The Mexican Revolution

Madero and 3 sons

Mexican Civil War

Huerta, Felix Diaz with Ger., Brit

Villa & northern rebels

Bannerman catalog

Carranza

Punch cartoon

Barry cartoon

1. Madero 1911-1913

• Liberal party against Diaz 1906
• failed revolt of Flores Magnon in Texas
• Emiliano Zapata in Morelos Sept. 1910
• Francisco Madero in Texas Oct. 1910
• published Plan de San Luis Potosi
• many factions divided revolution
• Zapata in south, Pascual Orozco in north,
• along border El Paso to Tijuana
• Alvaro Obregon in northwest Sonora, joined
• Venustiano Carranza in northeast Coahuila
• also Felix Diaz, Victoriano Huerta
• Congress voted neutrality, arms embargo
• but threat to U.S. grew along border - Cananea
• Battle of Tijuana May 9, 1912
• divided back postcards allowed by Congress 1907
• P. Vanderwood's Border Fury 1988 book
• Taft allowed arms to Madero, troops to border

2. Huerta 1913-1914

• non-recognition after Feb. 22 murder of Madero
• Huerta opposed by Constitutionalists
• Carranza & Obregon vs. Villa image
• radical reforms proposed - Queretaro image
• Wilson rejected Escudero and reforms
• instead, sought U.S. mediation
• Huerta rejected John Lind plan of loan for elections
• Huerta imported 77000 rifles from Europe, Japan
• image of Huerta with Brit and German reps
• Wilson's Mobile speech - embargo, no foreign powers
• "steady pressure of moral force"
• Oct. 1913 elections - Gamboa image
• personal diplomacy with Wm Tyrell for Edward Grey
• Panama tolls deal - U.S. ships lower rate repealed
• Villa invited Aultman, Mutual - images
• Feb. 1914 - Wilson lifted embargo
• due to German arms, military stalemate in Mexico
• Villa won at Torreon Mar. 13, 1914
• Francis Bannerman catalog image
• Constitutionalists rejected U.S. arms offer
• Tampico incident - but not Senate
• April 20 actions: Veracruz, Fort Bliss
• actions weakened Huerta, strengthened Carranza
• ABC proposed Wilson's coalition idea, to stop civil war
• May 20 - ABC meeting at Niagra Falls
• but Carranza opposed any foreign intervention
• Carranza rejected June 24 ABC protocol

3. Carranza 1914-1917

• Huerta deposed July 15 - civil war grew
• Aug. - WWI began, Ellen died
• U.S. evacuated Veracruz Nov. 23, 1914
• Carranza-Obregon vs. Villa-Zapata
• Duval West urged Wilson to choose a faction
• Villa defeated at Celaya Apr. 6, 1915
• Carranz rejected PanAm conference coalition plan Aug. 5
• Lansing aided Villa Aug.-Oct. 1915
• Lansing recognition to Carranza Oct. 19, stopped aiding Villa
• Villa hoped to provoke U.S. intervention
• killed 16 on Santa Isabel train Jan. 11, 1916
• only ASARCO's William H. Holmes escaped
• Senator Albert Fall resolution to intervene
• Villa killed 19 in Columbus NM raid Mar. 9
• Wilson decided to intervene Mar. 10
  • Congress, West in revolt
  • 1916 election near
  • new War Secy Newton Baker
  • Fred Funston took over Southern Dept.
  • a test of new Progressive army - posters, L or R
  • "hot pursuit" only of Villa
  • limited goal - not Carranza
  • but Pershing warned Carranza may resist
  • Wilson willing to "test" Carranza
• National Guard mobilized for 1st time to protect border
• Pershing exped Mar. 15 to intervene - map
• with 8 JN2 of 1st Aero Squadron - images
• Parral, Tomochic, Carrizal
• July 1916 Joint Commission
• withdrawal Jan. 28, 1917

Links:

• And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself HBO film 2003
• "Bones may have Pancho Villa skull," Yale Herald, Jan. 23, 2003
• Biographies: Pancho Villa and John Reed and Edward Doheny and Albert Fall
• Panch Villa in Song and Film
• The Hunt for Pancho Villa from Paul Espinosa
• Border Revolution by Cindy Baxman
• Chapter 8 of Richard Pourade's History of San Diego: Gold in the Sun
• Versailles Treaty
• maps of Mexico: 1 and 2 and 2bg and 3

Mexico 1911

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