The Mexican Revolution

1. Madero 1911-1913

• many factions divide revolution
• Zapata, Orozco, Felix Diaz, Huerta
• Congress votes neutrality, arms embargo
• but threat to U.S. along border - Cananea
• Battle of Tijuana May 9, 1912
• postcards (P. Vanderwood's BORDER FURY)
• Taft allows arms to Madero, troops to border

2. Huerta 1913-1914

• non-recognition after Feb. 22 murder
• Huerta opposed by Constitutionalists
• Carranza & Obregon vs. Villa
• radical reforms proposed - Queretaro
• Wilson rejects Escudero and reforms
• instead, seeks U.S. mediation
• Huerta rejects John Lind plan
• Huerta imports 77000 rifles from Europe, Japan
• Mobile speech - embargo, no foreign powers
• "steady pressure of moral force"
• Oct. 1913 elections - Gamboa
• Panama tolls deal -Tyrell for Grey
• Feb. 1914 - Wilson lifts embargo
• U.S. arms to counter German arms
• Francis Bannerman catalog
• Constitutionalists reject U.S. arms offer
• Tampico incident - but not Senate
• April 20 actions: Veracruz, Fort Bliss
• ABC proposes Wilson's coalition idea

3. Carranza 1914-1917

• Huerta deposed July 15 - civil war grows
• Carranza rejects Aug. Pan-Am conference
• Lansing aids Villa after Celaya defeat 1915
• until ABC recognition of Carranza Oct. 19
• Villa plans to provoke U.S. intervention
• Otis Aultman, Mutual Film Co.
• kills 16 on Santa Isabel train Jan. 11, 1916
• Senator Albert Fall resolution to intervene
• kills 19 in Columbus, N.M. raid Mar. 9
• Wilson decides to intervene Mar. 10
  • Congress, West in revolt
  • 1916 election near
  • a test of new Progressive army
  • "hot pursuit" only of Villa
  • limited goal - not Carranza
• National Guard to protect border
• Pershing exped Mar. 15 to intervene
• with 8 JN2 of 1st Aero Squadron
• Parral, Tomochic, Carrizal
• July 1916 Joint Commission
• withdrawal Jan. 28, 1917

Pancho Villa in Song and Film

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