6. Christian Panoply

• missionaries successful "by a virtual right of conquest, not over the freedom of their brother man by the brutal arm of physical power, but over the mind and heart by the celestial panoply of the gospel of peace and love" (from 1843 report of John Quincy Adams to House Committee on Foreign Relations)
• American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions f. 1810 by Samuel Mills and his "Brethren" at Andover Theologocial Seminary
• Samuel Worcester, Samuel Spring, Jedidiah Morse, Leonard Woods, Edward Griffin
• influenced by 3 sources: London Missionary Society 1793 sent 1st Prot. missionary to China Robert Morrison 1807, stopped in Boston
• also, the revival movement of the 2nd Great Awakening, sense of millenial urgency, halt the unitarianism of Harvard, promote reforms of the romantic era, follow the doctrine of "disinterested benevolence" and Christian duty of Samuel Hopkins
• also, supported by the commercial interests of new generation of Salem merchants; Elias Hasket Derby sent his Grand Turk to China in 1790s, married to Elizabeth Crowninshield, daughter of George and sons Jacob, Benjamin who sent 16 ships to Pacific in 1809; Nichols and Hodges and Peirces and Silsbees lived in great Federal-style mansions along waterfront designed by Samuel McIntyre; attended East Church of Rev. William Bentley; published the 70 editions of Nath. Bowditch guidebook The New American Practical Navigator; gave free passage and supplies to missionaries
• 1st group sailed for India on the Caravan 2/19/1812 from Salem dock; where the Custom House would be built in 1819
• 1st station in Bombay on west coast, away from Brit East India Co
• isolated, no U.S. consul until 1843, cooperated with British
• standard methods: education, boarding, publications
• Foreign Mission School in Cornwall CT 1817-26
• Cherokees in GA became "Christian Nation" with Cherokee press by native missionary Elias Boudinot with Samuel Worcester
• 1828 GA state law claimed land; 1830 federal removal law
• 1832 Worcester vs. Georgia won by missionaries, Marshall ruled GA law had no force on Cherokee land, but ignored by A. Jackson
• "First Company" to Hawaii 1819 on Thaddeus to Kailua 4/4/1820, led by Hiram Bingham, Samuel Ruggles and printing press, 3 natives from Cornwall school (due to Obookiah at Yale 1809)
• Sybil Bingham nursed Kaahumanu, wife of king Kamehameha
• alphabet of 12 letters created by 1826 for printing press
• missionaries sought to protect natives from sailors (no hula or swimming to ships), from merchants (Honolulu harbor 1827), from French Catholics (prohibited 1837)
• missions to Smyrna on west coast of Turkey, to Athens, to Syria
• missions to Canton, Malaysia, Burma, Singapore (not Japan)
• missions to Liberia, South Africa, Natal between Zulu and Boer