New Frontier 1960 from HSTL

map from Time, 12/19/60

Africa from Life, 7/11/60

Arms Race

• Vienna summit with Khrushchev June 3-4, 1961 - 1
• Berlin, A-bomb, Laos
• Khrushchev resumed testing 8/31/61
• ICBM, IRBM, bases
• civil defense, bomb shelters
• Test Ban Treaty 8/5/63
• sufficiency or superiority?

Berlin

• divided city was symbol of the Cold War - 1
• Khrushchev built Wall 8/13/61
• JFK sent 1500 troops over autobahn
• Britain favored settlement, not U.S. or France
• talks continued until 1971 - Willy Brandt

Cuba

• Castro since July 26, 1953 - 1
polls up after Bay of Pigs - 2
• Track 1 - Bay of Pigs invasion by expatriate army trained by CIA
• Track 2 - Op. Mongoose by Edward Lansdale
• Thirteen Days of October 16-28, 1962

Latin America

• Alliance for Progress - 1
• chartered at Punta del Este in Uruguay - 19 nations
• specific: housing, medical, education, sanitation

Trade Expansion Act

• Konrad Adenauer and 1957 Rome Treaties - 1
• Common Market, European Atomic Energy Commission
• British European Free Trade Assoc 1959
• Outer 7 and Inner 6
• Volkswagon imports increased from Wolfsburg
• 5/61 plan - textiles sought protection of 8.5 cents on imports
• 7/61 GATT prohibited Hong Kong textiles
• Act of Oct. '62 for tariff discretion
• 1962 "Kennedy Round" of GATT reduced tariffs by 35%
• but no "Grand Design" of "equal partnership"
• German resentment of Berlin Wall
• no Allies in Cuban Missile Crisis
• DeGaulle's own nukes, Diamant booster
• JFK 10-day trip to W. Ep., Ireland June '63 - Berlin speech

Space Program

• Mercury, Gemini, Apollo - 1
• Telstar satellite and Comsat
• Communication Satellite Act for ATT

USIA

• United States Information Agency (or USIS abroad)
• Evolved from CPI, OCIAA, FIS, OWI
• 1946 Fulbright Act and 1948 Smith-Mundt Act
• Theodore Streibert appointed first USIA Director 1953-1956
• VOA began TV broadcasts 1955
• Edward R. Murrow appointed USIA director 1961-1964

Newsreels:

• "Cuba Invaded," Universal Newsreel 34-32 (4/19/1961) from DVD65
• "World Shocked," H-bomb abd Berlin, Universal Newsreel 34/71 (8/31/1961) from DVD65
• "President Orders Cuban Blockade," Universal Newsreel 35-86 (10/22/1962) from DVD65
• "The Cuban Crisis," Universal Newsreel 35-87 (10/25/1962) from DVD65
• "Crisis Eases. Wary U.S. Awaits Missile Removal," Universal Newsreel 35-88 (10/29/1962) from DVD65

Links:

• Photo of JFK in Berlin June 26, 1963 from Deutsches Historisches Museum
• Communication Satellites includes 1960 Tiros neswreel
• Cuban Missile Crisis from the National Security Archive
• Presidential Polls
• Abbie Rowe White House photos 1961
• JFK links and Abbie Rowe photos
• JFK and Search for Peace
• USIA films The Wall (1962) by former Hearst Newsreel editor Walter de Hoog, and Years of Lightning, Day of Drums (1966)
• Mideast Policies

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